Survey of Mathematical Methods

One of the most important things a buyer must do before making a purchase is to review any and all of the statistical research on a product. According to Bluman (2005), Statistical research is used to provide knowledge and information in order to enable us to make intelligent decisions about our health and welfare† (p. 680). Although this information is very important to us, we must also be skeptical of the results. There are many types when the results cannot be reliable. According to Bluman (2005), â€Å"statistics can be misrepresented in the following ways: Suspect Samples, Ambiguous Averages, Detached Statistics, Implied Connections, Misleading Graphs, Faulty Survey Questions, Asking Biased Questions, Using Confusing Words, Asking Doubled-Barreled Questions, and Using Double Negatives† (p. 680-685). The following are example of misuses of statistics. 4. In many ads for weight loss products, under the product claims and in small print, the following statement is made: â€Å"These results are not typical. What does this say about the product being advertised? Detached Statistics and/or Implied Connections. This statement is telling the buyer that the results for some will not be the same results for all. In many ways, the results that are shown on the product could be exaggerated in order to get buyers to buy the product. The reason those words are included now days are because of new guidelines by the Federal Trade Commission. In the end, i t is basically telling the buyer not to expect the results. Furthermore, there are no results shown on the label to compare it to. 14. â€Å"How often do you run red lights? † Asking biased questions and/or faulty survey questions. The reason this question might lead to an erroneous conclusion is because it is taken into consideration that someone has a driver’s license. It can be asked in order to manipulate the overall results. If you were to answer the question, you could be opening yourself up to admitting guilt or showing that it is a common practice for you. The two above assignment question are examples of misuses of statistics. They can both be taken in many different ways. It is very important to ensure that you read each and every label and/or question very carefully. If you do not, you risk buying or answer something that may end up getting you in trouble or wasting money. This assignment was very informative for me to complete because it gave me better insight into the misuse of statistics. I will continue to use this information throughout my educational experiences.

Case Study of the Life of Ar. Phillip Chang

From Kuching, Sarawak, Ar. Phillip Chang is a good known designer for its singularity. He has been practising in his house United Consultant located in East Malaysia, ( Kuching, Sarawak ) for many old ages. His primary and secondary school has been done one of the celebrated missional school in Kuching which is ST. THOMAS’ male child junior and high school. After completing high school 2 old ages before than normal Malayan pupils, he acquire the chance to analyze at Australia for 2 old ages and finish 2 old ages of Australian high school. This is chiefly because he went to school before than other Malaysians, at the age of 5 alternatively of age of 7 which is the normal age to get down schooling. This is besides the chief ground he was able to hold the pick of class in NSW Matriculation Certificate. His instruction in the Sydney Boys High was funded by the Government at that clip. Mr. Phillip started to detect his involvement and endowment in art, pulling and originative chases during his high school instruction. He joined a few art competitions and about monopoly the competition in his class. This started to light the fire within himself of passion and endowment in art where it’s lead him to prosecute architecture. Before that his initial program was to take technology class nevertheless he opt for Architecture due to the ground that he wanted to be different from other top Asiatic pupils in Sydney whereby they all taking for technology class. Even though his determination to take architecture class might non be the finding to be an designer but it is the impulse to be different from his equals who went for technology class. It turned out that he ne'er regretted that determination. This been said, it do impact a individual believing based on what they experience. Before even stepping into Architecture, Mr.Phillip has been a smart pupil and at the same clip being an artistic pupil, and he take to travel for the more artistic way in his ain manner of construing the theory of â€Å"ARTISTIC† which how such â€Å"END USER† react to such â€Å"SPACE† . He has developed this idea of himself when he started to graduated from Malayan high school and complete it at the NSW Matriculation, at Sydney Boys High. He tends to be more optimistic in between both different civilization of both different state. Analyzing Architecture in Sydney University during Mr.Phillip’s yearss were non an easy undertaking. It was hard and ambitious as during those yearss, the architecture pupil had to take 14 topics and they had to go through each and every topic or else were being forced to reiterate the whole semester once more. During his 2nd twelvemonth, things tend to turned into his worst incubus as he took 18 compulsory topic and it was a tough clip for Mr.Phillip. At the same clip, he was active in pupil political relations, particularly among the abroad pupil and this really took a batch of his focal point and concentration from his surveies, but he was smart. He started to work smart and intermix in with the society. Sing wad is the result of this class, why is it being so tough for Asiatic pupils to corp up to the international criterion. He was presuming and researching all those stuff boulder clay he found that different reactions leads to different human behaviour. This course of st udy was being design for the international pupil and you, as an Asiatic, your cognition is much shallow but there’s something particular about Asiatic, Asiatic works harder in to accomplish something which they pursue. This is when he get down to acquire interested in human behaviour and had use them as one of the chief foundation of his design. Basically his Architecture life during university was rather alone to state from others, he dint studied much on planing, but he study more on building and more proficient side of architecture. He studied psychological science during his university clip besides. This is why he has ever this aureate regulation, built for the terminal user would appreciate and non for the aesthetic value for public to appreciate. Mr. Philip has ever live up to the motive of understanding the site context and human behaviour & A ; reaction is his chief key of design. By making so, he study the bulk human reaction towards a park. As Malayan China friendly relationship park was built in a surrounding of a residential context and confronting the chief route, Mr. Philip Chang took this chance to make a unstable circulation towards the way base of what he had observe on environing user. Therefore, two chief entryway was built to carry through the common behaviour of the environing user. The west site of the entryway, ( CHINA GATEWAY ) was placed at that place on the X Axis because of the surrounding of residential context. The community in Kuching, Sarawak prefer walking to a topographic point if its in the radius of a walking distance of 15 – 20 proceedingss. This shows that Mr. Phillip full fill the normal human behaviour of Kuching ; s Community as the West entryway is the most appropriate for walking dis tance travel. This are the importance of understanding the user demands and behaviour, the terminal user particular has ever play a large function in your design. One designer do non plan based on their premise, but one designer design based on the theory they produce from research. As for the north site of the entryway, ( MALAYSIAN GATEWAY ) , is another chief entryway which confronting the chief route. Traveling back to the normal human behaviour of Kuching’s community, if they were to go by vehicle to one topographic point, it should be seen clearly from far. This enable them to place the topographic point they heading to and at the same clip, Kuching’s community tends to be lazy in a fact where if one topographic point is non clearly pictured in their head, they find it troublesome to acquire to that topographic point, therefore they would be given to non travel to that topographic point. The scheme of this is to make a chief entryway confronting the chief route so mundane people base on ballss by and would detect this topographic point and ease up on happening their ways towards the topographic point. For climatic status, Mr.Phillip ever uses site context as the foundation of his design. One edifice does non merely landed on someplace like an UFO. It must ever intermix in with the site context and no base entirely by itself. This is to give the populace the vision and feelings of credence. For illustration the Malaysia China Friendship park. The site before was a abandon empty piece of land a little residential vicinity park being intersect by a minor route in between. This is the climatic status of the site, and as for the sun way, the China park would be exposed to inordinate sunshine during the afternoon and eventide which is when the peak hr of people coming in. This is normally the chief job of a site contextual design where in Malaysia, Sun plays a large factor impacting your site. It is because of the geometrical place Malaysia is at, which is under tropical clime. This in consequence, the tea marquee been built to shelter the user during afternoon, serve as a assemblage or meeting point where activities could keep during the afternoon. This is portion of a homocentric arrangement design where an axis of ten and y meet and make a homocentric infinite in the in-between moving like an vacuity to pull the user towards is, and it is moreover enhanced by the climatic factor which happens in Malaysia is the high exposure of sunshine and besides shelter from rain. The tea marquee been built in a manner that, there’s non much of an gaps and the roof were being design in a big overhand to shadow the user from sunshine. As for the other side, it is non extremely affected by he sunlight issues, but it is affected by the pollution from the chief route. Noise coming from the vehicle and air pollution is one of the chief factor. Landscaping and flora being done to cut down the air pollution, and it has been setback inwards to cut down the noise pollut ion, moving as a buffer zone in between the chief route and the park. The ground the marquee of the 7 cultural group being built in a really unfastened mode is because it does non exposed to inordinate sunshine, and it is located on the east side of the park. This once more blends in with the site context, because of it is located at Kuching Sarawak, the population are extremely from the ethnics group, so the terminal user would be attracted to this park. Socio – Culture has ever being one of the chief design theory of Mr. Philip. This friendly relationship park was being proposed to honor the relationship between China and Malaysia. The diagram above shows the harmoniousness of both civilization being unite into one component which being tied by the south China sea. The layout was built behind a strong theory of the Admiral Zheng He from China coming to Malaysia to offer friendly relationship and peace until today. This at the same clip creates an past experience ambiance to the user when they was on the site. It is one of the design theory where the terminal user could really appreciate more about the site and non merely blind sightly see the infinite without any consciousness of the site, for illustration the history, the intent, and etc. Basically, the West side of the park represent China, Admiral Zheng He comes from China and in order to acquire to Malaysia, he has to go through the south China sea which is the connexion between two state. So as you could see above, the Tea Pavilion strongly represent China with Chinese ain unique architecture which are the detailing on the decorations and oriental Chinese architecture. Like most of Chinese architecture civilization, one time the user enter, they would be greet by a broad unfastened infinite ( courtyard ) to stand for the magnificence of Chinese architecture. Follow up by the singularity of Chinese architecture which is the tea marquee. After Admiral Zheng He crosses the south China sea, he reached Malaysia and being greeted by the assorted civilization of Malaysia, which would be represent by the 13 provinces of Malaysia. Follow up by a Pavilion which represent the 7 cultural groups of Sarawak unite together as one to organize Sarawak, as this park was built in Ku ching, Sarawak. The whole theory behind this once more is the diverseness of civilization between China and Malaysia, and how different diverseness of civilization find peace within two wholly assorted civilization. The park symbolically re-pesent the theory of both state, and the architecture of both state strongly heighten as grounds of both civilization unites together as one. This is why socio-culture plays an of import portion as a theory where it does non merely affairs about how the terminal user would experience, but it is besides about the site context blending at the same clip creates an ambiance for the terminal user to see and this would be in consequence of the terminal user really knows more about the site, therefore he to the full understand the theory behind the whole design. The treatment was an architect design must non ever be merely aesthetically presentable but the thought and construct based on theory being produce by an designer must be able to back up the whole design. Do non plan for aesthetically ocular comfort for the populace and stop user, but design to intermix in with the populace and the terminal user. This conclude the decision of, every designer have their ain design based on their ain theory produced based on the research they did, but in order to hold that design proved is practical and success is non of import. The procedure of acquiring to the design, that is what matters most, because in the terminal of a twenty-four hours, one designer are planing for a community of public and end user. Architects occupation are non merely planing edifices and infinite, their day-to-day responsibility has ever been determining our female parent Earth and turn it into a better topographic point for humanity from past, towards the current and future to populate in. REFRENCES – Ivy Jong/Pertubuhan arkitek Malaysia ( 2011, September ) .Intersection.hypertext transfer protocol: //pamsc.org.my/wp-content/uploads/newsletter/PAMSC_NEWSLETTER_ISUE_4.pdf – Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia. ( n.d. ) .PAM directory.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pamdirectory.my/profile_architect.aspx? id=288c982a-8c33-4e7d-8664-edfbb9b216ec

How Does Williams want us to feel about Blanche in the opening scene?

At the start of the scene, the Blanche is introduced dressed conspicuously in white, â€Å"as if she were arriving at a summer tea or cocktail party†. Williams is trying to portray a sense of youth, innocence and purity in her clothing, but she is obviously out of place; however she is also described as a â€Å"moth†-an unpleasant creature of the dark, so there is obviously more to her than meets the eye. She has an air of great self-importance and she is posh, and therefore slightly out of place. She is used to grander settings than Elysian Fields: â€Å"Her expression is one of shocked disbelief†. She is also unimpressed at the state of her sister's house. She is also very rude and dismissive towards people of lower status, like her overly-helpful neighbour Eunice. After at first failing to get rid of her with boring, one-word answers, she frankly tells her to go away: â€Å"What I meant was I'd like to be left alone†, offending Eunice. She feels superior to Eunice, and is not used to having to answer questions from people she deems to be below her. Once alone, Blanche begins to explore her sister's house. Her eye is caught by a bottle of whiskey in a half-opened closet, and we find out that she is no novice when it comes to drinking. Whereas before she was sitting â€Å"in a chair very stiffly with her shoulders slightly hunched†, now she â€Å"springs up and crosses to it (the whiskey)†. She ‘tosses down' half a tumbler, before hiding the evidence, thus revealing her secretive nature. This theme of her secret drinking habit continues throughout the first scene, as she lies about drinking and even has the temerity to claim that ‘one's her limit'. She is also patronising and rude towards Stella. She joyously embraces her sister, talking far too much while trying to maintain her disguise: â€Å"turn that light off!†¦I won't be looked at in this merciless glare!† She doesn't want her sister to see that she is drunk or see through the facade of youthfulness. She then orders her about patronisingly while condemning her home: â€Å"What are you doing in a place like this?† After at first putting up with her sister's degrading comments about her house, Stella describes her as â€Å"intense†, which describes her perfectly. Blanche is also very quick to accuse her sister, in a bid to deflect attention away from her own short-comings: â€Å"You thought I'd been fired?† She leaves a lot of things unsaid, such as her reason for leaving her job. She also feels the need for approval from her sister, especially appearance-wise. She orders Stella to â€Å"stand up†, before patronisingly referring to her as a â€Å"little partridge† and informing her that she's â€Å"put on some weight†. Her sister puts up with it thought, obligingly telling her: â€Å"It's just incredible, Blanche, how well you're looking†. Blanch is very quick to judge, right from the very start; she is unimpressed by the local area, the neighbours, her sister's home and even her husband's nationality; she ignorantly refers to Polish people as â€Å"something like the Irish, aren't they†¦only not so – highbrow?† She is keen to impose herself upon the local community, again showing her insatiable need to be liked by others. Eventually she moves on to why she came to be here, apart from â€Å"taking a leave of absence† from the school. She gives some lame excuses, like â€Å"I want to be near you† but betrays her cover with the stage direction â€Å"Her voice drops and her look is frightened†. However she is able to recover herself enough to launch into a hyperbolic defence of herself after losing the family home, even blaming Stella for leaving: â€Å"You're a fine one to sit there accusing me of it!† She also exaggerates greatly, claiming â€Å"I fought for it, bled for it, almost died for it†.

Voting by Consensus in The World Trade Organization Essay

Voting by Consensus in The World Trade Organization - Essay Example The WTO was created in order to create enforceable and binding international trade rules which are critical in promoting international trade and cooperation. Just like many of the international organizations, WTO was created to improve the socio-economic wellbeing of the individual countries and that of the world in general. In particular, WTO was to achieve this goal through trade. The Ministerial Conference is the highest authority in WTO structure; the General Council is the second level within the WTO structure; the third level in WTO structure is the councils for each board of trade; below the third level are the subsidiary bodies of the higher level councils.3 As has been noted, WTO’s main objective is to create an enforceable and binding international trade rules. As such, it needs a decision-making system which is effective and with ability to resolve the often diverging interests. It is against the background of this necessity that the WTO adopted a decision-making pr ocess that is based on consensus voting system.4 Consensus voting system refers to the voting process that aims at identifying the best consensus opinion that is arrived at through a balanced system of voting. In this type of voting, each party (in this case each member country) is allowed to suggest a proposal for debate.5 During the debate session, representatives of these countries ask questions, suggest new ideas, and seek clarifications. In this system of voting, wide ranges of voting options that have been developed in consultation with stakeholders are presented. Thereafter, decision makers are invited to rank these options- an option with higher preference gets more points.6 The practice of consensus dominates the decision-making process of the WTO even though the WTO Agreement foresees circumstances where consensus cannot be achieved. Its predecessor (GATT) did not use consensus but instead used voting as a way of making decisions. The evolution of GATT to WTO resulted to t he shift from voting to consensus in the process of decision-making. The consensus voting system has worked comparatively well in the decision-making process of WTO.7 Nonetheless, this system of voting imputes that the deadlock risk and specifically the inability of a member state to legislatively respond where it is not agreeing with the panel’s interpretation or the legal interpretation of the Appellate Body.8 It has been argued that this system has intrinsically favors the status quo thereby making it difficult to effect changes. Besides, the consensus voting system has been said not to provide for influence and decision equality because not every participant has similar ability to maintain vetoes. While it is agreeable that consensus has numerous advantages, it is questionable whether this system is more democratic than the voting system that takes into account the majority rule.9 There are several instances when consensus voting system has been used in WTO’s decis ion-making processes. A case in point is the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) that was decided upon based on consensus. The member states negotiated the pre-WTO clothing quotas of between 1974 and 1994 which had been negotiated upon bilaterally and was governed by the Multi-Fiber- Agreement

24-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

24-1 - Assignment Example Particle of matter move continuously. Particles of matter attract each other. Particle of mater has space between them. (2.9). It is used to compute moments, magnetic fields direction and loosen screws .it is a form of mnemonics used to understand physics. Such can be done by holding both hands together; palm up with the fingers curled for the curl of fingers representing a rotation following the axis consecutively one after the other along the right thumb or left. (2.10). The magnetic force usually acts at right angles to the charges motion thus the magnetic force cannot work on the charge. The B field at that instance either speed up or slow down the moving charge and only change the direction the charge is moving. The path taken by moving charge in a constant magnetic field is that described by helix with its parallel axis to the direction of the magnetic field (Tipler 477). 2.11. Cauchys equation gives the relation between the refractive index and wavelength of light. The equation provides an empirical relationship that occurs in the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. (4.1). Given values are V=3.5v, using hc/ Ä §=Ø+Vq. Make q subject of the equation. Ø=hc/ Ä §-vq.{(6.64*10^(-34)*3.0*10^8)/4.5*10^(-7)m}={4.426*10^(-27)- (0.35*1.6*10^(-19)}=2.766*10^8v-1v=2.765*10^8v but W=-eØ-Ef={(- 1.6*10^(- 19)*2.766*10^8)-0.56*10^(-19)v}=-4.44256*10^(-11)- 0.56*10^(-19)v={- 4.4425*10^-11/1.6*10^(-19)}=2.7765*10^8Joules. (4.2). Momentum (p)=hf/c or h/Ä §, Also E=hf or hc/ Ä §, whereby E=25eV, h=6.64*10^-34., c=3.0*10^8m/s. Ä §=hc/E={(6.64*10^(- 34)*3.0*10^8)/25eV}=0.7968*10^(-26)m. but p=h/

Roles Expectations and Competencies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roles Expectations and Competencies - Assignment Example Furthermore, responsibilities such as promoting professionals and improving services for the providers of continuing education should be performed effectively. The nurse educator should further have the ability to enhance the quality of the services provided by the health education specialist. Moreover, the nurse educator should be responsible for supporting and promoting the profession in order to earn considerable recognition among the patients (NCHEC, 2008). National League for Nursing (NLN) has provided certain competencies and responsibilities required for academic educators. Firstly, the candidate should facilitate learning along with teaching strategies suitable for learner needs, required learner results, content and context. Furthermore, the candidate should effectively practice evidence-based teaching in order to provide clear understanding to the health specialists. Secondly, the candidate should be responsible to develop nurses and incorporate behaviors and values which a re expected to fit in the role. Moreover, the candidate should have the ability in providing various sources to diverse learners in order to meet their individual learning needs. Thirdly, the candidate should implement various strategies for assessing and evaluating the practices of the health specialist students in order to enhance the teaching-learning process (National League for Nursing, 2005). In addition, the candidate should be responsible for participating in course design and making evaluation of the program results for the development of healthcare trends and for preparing health specialists to function efficiently in the healthcare industry. The candidate should identify that their roles are multidimensional thus, requiring a higher level of commitment for development and maintaining advanced competencies. Furthermore, the candidate is required to participate in professional development prospects that enhance the effectiveness of their specified roles. Moreover, the candi date should exhibit the qualities of scholar, such as creativity, integrity, vitality and perseverance. Last but not the least, the candidate should have the ability to identify the factors of social, political, economical and institutional factors that help to promote higher education as a foundation for making effective recommendations and decisions (National League for Nursing, 2005). Descriptions of Each of the Three Positions Advertisement of Quintiles The advertisement provided by Quintiles in order to recruit Nurse Educator field-based, specified that the candidate should be greatly enthusiastic in leading a team of health specialist for delivering excellence in care to its clients. The candidate should have a Bachelor's degree in Nursing or extensive industry/clinical experience. Preference would be given to the candidates who have an experience of Rheumatology/Gastrointestinal (GI) along with the passion and enthusiasm for providing excellent services to the clients (Quinti les, 2012). As a nurse educator, the candidate should be responsible for coordinating and supervising all the sections of clinical care along with providing training to the educators and staff facilities. Thus, according to the competency statements mentioned above, the requirements of the advertisement appropriately fulfill the descriptions posted on the advertisement. However, after viewing the advertisement I wanted to know

Why the Diagnosogenic theory of stuttering onset has been dispelled by Essay

Why the Diagnosogenic theory of stuttering onset has been dispelled by recent literature - Essay Example Neurophysiology- Recent research has shown that people who stutter process speech and language in different areas of the brain than those who do not stutter. Family dynamics-High expectations and fast-paced lifestyles can contribute to stuttering. Technically known as dysphemia, it has sometimes been attributed to an underlying personality disorder. Brain scans of stutterers have found higher than normal activity in brain areas that coordinate conscious movement, suggesting that in people who stutter speech occurs less automatically than it does in most people. In 1939, a controversial study, on the possibility of "creating a stutterer", was conducted by University of Iowa speech pathologist, Wendell Johnson and his graduate student Mary Tudor. The study tried to create stutterers over the course of 4 months, using 22 unwitting orphans from the Soldiers and Sailors Orphan's Home in Davenport, Iowa. Ethically acceptable at the time, it was designed to induce stuttering in normally fluent children and to test out Johnson's "Diagnosogenic theory" a theory suggesting that negative reactions to normal speech disfluencies cause stuttering in children. The study divided the orphans into 3 groups. 6 normally fluent orphans would be given negative evaluations and criticisms regarding their speech, another group of 5 orphans who allegedly already stuttered would also receive that treatment, and the remaining 11 would be treated neutrally. The study concluded that the children given negative evaluative labeling went on to develop persistent, permanen t stutters. The study was influential at the time, with many speech pathologists and child-health and educational professionals accepting Johnson's theory. In 1988, Silverman first reported the results of this study in the Journal of Fluency Disorders and labeled it "The Monster Study". In June 2001, the San Jose Mercury News revealed this study to the public for the first time, leading to widespread controversy and debate about scientific ethics. Soon after, University of Illinois professors Nicoline Ambrose and Ehud Yairi wrote a paper discrediting the 1939 study, revealing flaws in data collection and method, as well as pointing out that none of the orphans actually did develop a permanent stutter. The relevance of the Ambrose-Yairi study 63 years later is that the authors conclude, in effect, that the 1939 thesis did not prove the theory with which it is credited. In other words, the researcher did not, and could not have, "caused stuttering" in the subjects. For this and many other reasons the authors also conclude that most all of the ethical criticisms of the study are misplaced and unjustified. While criticism of a developing child's speech can certainly make a present stutter worse, it does not create a stutter. The major findings, as have been reported over the last several years in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (JSLHR), question longstanding concepts about the onset and developmental trends of early childhood stuttering. Like most other speech disorders, stuttering onset was gradual and occurred under uneventful circumstances, that early symptoms included only easy repetition of syllables and words, and that parents helped create the problem by reacting negatively to normal disfluencies. Stuttering onset was sudden in at least one-third of the children, was severe in nature,

Coordinated management of meaning theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coordinated management of meaning theory - Essay Example It is but natural that the two cannot walk together, unless they are agreed. No coordinated action is possible when the viewpoints are divergent. No one is individually responsible to construct a social situation. A problem surfaces on account of friction and interaction of conglomeration of issues in a group situation. Proper response to such issues can only be through consensus. But social realities often hinder such a possibility. A symposium was held recently in the Community Hall at Houston(TX). Local politicians, police officers and some NGOs who represented the interests of women participated in the symposium. The issue for discussion in the symposium was â€Å"Women safety, how to challenge increasing rape cases.† Initiating the debate the women representative said, â€Å"The politicians and police are responsible for the present state of affairs. No woman feels safe in cities. Police have no control on the issue and the politicians are not serious about it. The judiciary is helpless and the cases in courts linger on for years.† Even as she continued with her angry outburst, the senior police officer intervened. â€Å"Our department is not responsible for increase in rape cases. The moral fabric of the society has been torn asunder. The available security force with us is totally inadequate. The above observations were immediately contested by a police official. â€Å"We are not corrupt. If we receive a complaint against any police personnel, we take action as per disciplinary proceedings rules governing the police department. We are only the investigating agency in rape cases. For delay in the cases and for awarding punishment, we alone are not responsible. Often political pressure stalls the speedy investigation.† Here is a situation that explains the manner in which social words are created. This juncture can be as the point of creating social words. Our social words are created as per the demand of the

Application of DECISION MAKING tools to MORTGAGE Industry Professional Coursework

Application of DECISION MAKING tools to MORTGAGE Industry Professional Experience - Coursework Example In making critical decisions, the people who are in positions of leadership often run into conclusions without inquiring well from professionals who can avert the damage that can be caused by such an occurrence. A good example is the doomed merger between AOL and Time Warner in the year 2001. The merger happened despite the advice of the subordinates on Gerald Levin who was at the time the Chief Executive Officer at Time Warner Inc. Levin who was obsessed with leaving a legacy at Time Warner Inc. decided to go ahead and authorize the merger despite the warnings. This is a good example of the consequences that can follow the making of irrational decisions. In this work, we shall look at the decision making models that have been developed to help in making the best decisions especially in our field. This will be addressed in the context of the mortgage industry which is our section of interest. By first comparing them we shall be able to figure out the best and discuss it. There are a number of decision making models that can be used in the mortgage and loan financing industry. First it is important to understand this field so as to see how the idea of using decision models and techniques can be implemented. First, the mortgage loans are availed to the people who want to try their hand in real estate so they can be able to purchase the property they want. In the legal mechanism that need to be followed to validate this process, the property stands as the security in case the borrower is unable to pay back the loan (Gaffney, 2014). This is a business that has been so successful in the recent past and thriving in it requires a bit of critical decision making. The amount of cash that is required to establish it means that there is no space left for gambling and every step made counts. Company A has wants to form a merger with Company

Starbucks Coffee Company Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Starbucks Coffee Company Analysis - Essay Example Starbucks Corporation is a US based company and is engaged in the business of purchasing and roasting whole coffee beans. It is regarded to be one of the premier brands of speciality coffee retailing in the world and operates its business in more than 50 countries of the world. Starbucks is headquartered at Seattle, Washington and was founded in the year 1971 (Yahoo Finance, 2012a). Its stocks are traded on NASDAQ Global Select Market with the ticker symbol â€Å"SBUX†. Starbucks is one of the fortune 500 companies of the world and has been ranked 229th in the fortune 500 list for the year 2012 (CNN Money, 2012). For the fiscal year ended October 2011, the US segment accounted for around 69% of the total revenues generated by the company (Starbucks Corporation, 2012). The revenues are generated in United States mainly through the licensed stores and company operated stores run by the company all over the country. Starbucks mainly operates its business in the speciality eaterie s industrial segment of US economy and has a market capitalisation of around $34.9 billion (Yahoo Finance, 2012b). ... Various strategic analysis tools like PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, etc. would be utilised to attain the objectives of this study. TASK A – Market Environment Analysis PESTEL Analysis PESTEL is an external environmental analysis tool, which is used for analysing the political, social, technological, economical, legal and environmental factors associated with an organisation like Starbucks (Henry, 2008, p.51). PESTEL analysis is particularly useful in analysing the macro environment associated with a business organisation. The PESTEL analysis of Starbucks (Appendix - 1) with respect to its US business segment is presented below: 1. Political Factors: Political factors do have some impact in the speciality coffee industry of United States because the green coffee beans are actually needed to be imported from other countries that are characterised of having tropical climate which is needed to grow coffee. Hence, if the trade relations that exist between US and the supplier country get deteriorated then this industry could have a negative impact on it. 2. Economical Factors: The recent economic downturn in US economy because of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) is having a significant negative impact on the speciality coffee industry. Speciality coffee is generally considered to be a luxury good. Hence with the decrease in income levels of consumers in US, they tend to switch over to other lower cost substitutes available to them. Moreover the increasing prices of the commodities in the market are also having an adverse impact on this industry. 3. Social Factors: Social trends are also observed to have a significant impact on the speciality coffee industry in the United States. The coffee culture has evolved in the

Trafficking and Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Trafficking and Prostitution - Essay Example As the report stresses feminist philosophy is a subject which has acquired much attention in the past decades regarding speculative arguments and practical politics. It is us who create and visualize differences, differences based upon characters and differences that emerge as if woman is entitled to a separate class. Despite these differences, feminist philosophers are able to gather and unite woman in a single perspective which in the vision of a philosophical mind is free of the misogyny and male bias that have characterized so much of Western philosophical tradition. Feminist philosophy’s challenge to this tradition has been the challenge of repairing the distortions, centring the marginalization, and valorizing what were once considered the trivial, if not invisible, facets of woman’s nature, woman’s knowledge, and woman’s happiness According to the report findings contemporary feminists believe that unless and until the feminist philosophers are free to attend towards women’s diversity, women will remain stereotyped by the same kinds of restrictive and historical paradigms as those advanced by traditional philosophy. Therefore, many feminist philosophers have not only researched women’s experience but have also advocated the exploration of the complexity and variety of women’s experience. It is through such exploration that women found themselves open to accept learning attitudes in context with their inner voices and morality differentiated by such features as race, class, and sexual preference. Critics say that by possessing such bold opinions, feminist lit hope to avoid the essentialism of claiming some single, immutable, and universal nature of 'Woman'. A 'Prostitute' Class Many feminists perceive prostitution to be among one of the classes in society. Pro-sex work feminist advocates believe that a 'free-sex' choice must be legally provided to the women for 'prostitution' is a profession after all and a woman possesses a right to choice. Feminists say that prostitutes are not only similar to other women in their society; they also possess a right to acquire the same rights as that of a

Bank of America case analysis Essay Example for Free

Bank of America case analysis Essay Problem statement The main problem in this case is that whether bank of America add the complicate app and add more new features or not. If they add the new complexity application, it could cost lot of money, and it could also give their users some negative effect. Like the case described â€Å"it is unclear if users were ready to sign up for mortgages or credit cards on their mobile phones.† BofA concerns about how the mobile banking affect their customers. Because behavioral factor is very important that made people to accept the new things reluctantly or not. From the market survey we know that there are three main reasons that people not to use the mobile banking: concerns of security, cost of data, less value. So if bank of America want to add their new app or add more futures, they should cope with those three factors at first. Recommendation I think bank of America should add new apps, because they can get improvement about their customer loyalty and satisfaction, and they can gain more market share form this way. If they didn’t build it, maybe they will behind that of other banks. Another reason is that with the development of the communication technology, there will be have full of the customers have their smartphone rather than the regular phones, so it can give bank of America more confidence to add app for smartphone customers. One of the most reasons for people not using mobile banking is the security concern. So how to improve security on people’s mobile devices has become a very important thing. They can make an external device for their mobile banking. The external device can insert into the headphone jack on smartphone. After the connection, customer should slide their card, and then system will be prompted to enter some personal authentication information, and then will send a message for their s martphone to get the verification code before use the mobile banking to do their account activities. Customer can get this external device for free if they open an account at bank of America. But if they lost it they should pay it for $30 to get another. This external device can make sure that customers dont have to worry about security issues. With this security problem solved, BofA will gain more customers and more market shares.

Evolving Museum And Visitor Experiences Cultural Studies Essay

Evolving Museum And Visitor Experiences Cultural Studies Essay For over a century the museum has been the most celebrated and respected venue for viewing original works of art, however the design and visitor experience of the museum has evolved extensively throughout history. This chapter investigates how the traditional museum has evolved and how the collaborative approach towards the design and internal arrangement of modern art museums affects the spatial experience of the visitor. Duncan and Wallach in (see Carbonell 2004, p.52) state that, Museums belong to the same architectural and art-historical category as temples, churches, shrines and certain types of palaces. Originally, museum architecture shared characteristics with traditional ceremonial buildings to make visible the idea of state within its context (see Carbonell 2004, p.52). Museums were originally built to house collections of objects which are were of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and make them available for public viewing through exhibits that were permanent. This meant that the spaces and collections were fixed and objects were located deliberately to provide a specific spatial experience for each user. However, according to Bordieu and Darbel in the work of Duncan and Wallach (see Carbonell 2004, p.53), Individuals respond in different ways according to their education, culture and class. It is therefore debateable to say that due to the personal background of each user, they may experience a space differently to how a curator, architect or the artist desires. The journey that a visitor experiences through any museum is usually described in terms of aesthetic contemplation and Duncan and Wallach (see Carbonell 2004, p.51) state that this can be affected by the ensemble of art, the architecture and installations, which are contributing factors to the overall spatial experience of the modern art museum. These factors can be altered regularly to affect a user emotionally, visually or physically and are determined by the curators, the artists and the architects, to provide multiple experiences within one space. Todays society is embracing new museums that provide a wealth of subjects, particularly ones that cater for viewers of the popular trend that is contemporary art. The contemporary art museum is considered a fairly modern  category of museum. Also referred to as an art gallery or centre, art museums provide space(s) for the temporary exhibition of art. It is thought that the content of the contemporary art museum primarily consists of installations, including objects  which are of a sculptural nature, paintings, digital art, fine art, and video art. To design a modern art museum in the present century has become a popular challenge that is sought after by most architects and artists. Collaborative approaches towards museum design and layout have been encouraged as it is believed to enhance the users experience on a great scale, by providing them with a better aesthetic and social experience throughout their visit. The users experience can also provide them with lasting memories about the beliefs and values that museums hope to communicate. Contemporary art museums are essentially temporary exhibition spaces, in comparison with traditional museum buildings that house permanent collections. The actual design of the contemporary museum no longer has the traditional architectural values that a museum had in twentieth century for example. The white cube effect has become a popular idea for museums within the 21st century with some artists and architects believing that the focus of a museum should be the art and not the architecture. However an ironic example of this is the Leytonstone Centre for Contemporary Art, launched in 2001 by British artist Bob Smith. Leytonstone is a London suburb which houses no significant arts venues. This space could be viewed as an artwork or as an art centre, as it primarily a single exhibition space at the end of the artists garden. The artist demonstrates that the white cube can be removed from the gallery or museum and reappear in a totally different context. By doing this he has dissolved the boundary between art and architecture as people may be confused as to what this space is: art or institution. Temporary exhibition spaces raise the question; Does the modern art museum provide multiple spatial experience each time a new exhibition is displayed within it? From the 11th June to the 2nd November 2009, The Architecture Foundation provided a series of dialogues in which artists, architects and critics investigated into how collaborative and artistic approaches can change the practice and products of architecture. This series, called Architecture + Art: Crossover and Collaboration, included a dialogue between Adam Caruso and Thomas Demand, chaired by Alex Farquharson, the Director of Nottingham Contemporary. During the dialogue, Caruso argues that a good exhibition shows artists work in relation to other work and how this creates the spatial experience of the exhibition: A lot of exhibitions nowadays dont sufficiently recognise that the point of an exhibition opposed to a catalogue, is that what physically experiences it, is actually the choice of the work and the configuration of the work in a gallery is a specific and unique event and its there and then its gone. (Tate Channel, 2009 2/11/2009, 7.00pm @ 34.08mins-35.04mins)(NOT SURE HOW TO REFERENCE THIS VIDEO?) By saying this, he is implying that contemporary art exhibitions are intended to provide multiple unique spatial experiences for users and therefore when exhibitions have been and gone, a new spatial experience can be achieved within the same space. Todays contemporary art museums have very few artefacts within them in comparison to the traditional museum. This significantly changes the traditional spatial experience, as the focus of the user is on the few items that are displayed within the museum and the often large spaces that have been dedicated to them, unlike a traditional museum where hundreds of items are displayed with no link to context. During the dialogue (2/11/2009, 7.00pm), Farquharson, states that one problem in recent years within art galleries has been that they are too large for art and that the majority or artists are not interested in exhibiting there. Thomas Demand has had many major solo exhibitions at many of the worlds leading modern contemporary art instituti ons and he agrees with this remark by saying that when he looks to exhibit within a building, he inquires into what type of art work architects intend to provide their space for. Demand (Tate Channel 2009 2/11/2009, 7.00pm?) argues, At some point you want to reshuffle things and you want to make more shows downstairsis that possible or not? Some museums only employ selected artists to exhibit within their spaces for various reasons. These could be that they want art work to coincide with the internal spaces and architecture, or that they want to challenge the artwork through architecture, or visa-versa. As an artist, Demand wants art museums to offer flexible opportunities within their spatial layouts for exhibitions of his work. By saying this, he may be implying that he wants his artwork to offer multiple spatial experiences within one building and if the museum architecture does not have this capability, the creative exchange between the art and the architecture is not beneficial for the user as they are not receiving the best out of an art exhibition or the space. Interactive exhibits within contemporary museums have become popular in the 21st century, which give the public the opportunity to make choices and engage in activities which may vary the spatial experience from person to person; particularly content that includes architectural installations as art. With the opening of 21st century building styles, Victoria Newhouse argues: Art as an entertainment is contested by many together with the related trend toward ever more spectacular museum architecture. While the latter suits some art, it does not suit all art, and in todays wide variety of museums there is often a lack of harmony between container and contents. The need to coordinate this relationship is all too often ignored by those commissioning new museums (Newhouse 2005, p.215) Newhouse thinks that the link between museum architecture and its content is fading, indicating that the collection is less significant than the architecture. In previous eras the interiors and architecture of the museum were related to its content. If Newhouse is correct, the lack of connection to architecture can affect the spatial experience and the focus of the museum becomes the architecture or the art. If there is no creative exchange between both disciplines, it could be said that the spatial experience will not benefit the user as the contributing factors to the overall spatial experience will not be linked. Collaboration within previous architectural styles The Renaissance was a time that saw integration between painting, sculpture and architecture. The oldest public museums in the world opened in  Rome  during this period. However, many significant museums in the world were not founded until the 18th century and the  Age of Enlightenment. Walter Gropius initiated a school in 1919 called the Bauhaus when he combined two existing institutions: the Academy of Fine Art and the School of Arts and Crafts. The Bauhaus was an attempt to create a new style appropriate for the machine age, whilst achieving integration between disciplines. The Bauhaus attitude (Toy 1997, p. 26) believed that: The new building of the future, will embrace architecture, sculpture and painting in one unity. The Bauhaus was seen to offer a modern vision towards design and education; this attitude demonstrated an objective language set out to relieve design of subjective ideas from the previous century. Like the Bauhaus, the Modern Movement insisted there would be no more architectural styles and introduced architecture as a problem solving activity. The problem solving process encouraged the architect to find the perfect functional solution, given any set of technical, economic or social conditions. This method became a defensive mechanism within architecture, designed to keep others out of the building process. Late Modernism in the 1960s however, led to a rebellion towards reason; this process involved dishonouring previous rules for design by using curved forms. Frank Lloyd Wrights Guggenheim Museum in New York was seen as an example of this subjective reaction. The Percent for Art scheme which was introduced in 1990, which capitalised on the growing public art movement in this country, had an intention to extend the opportunities within architecture and public sites for artists through collaboration with architects. This implied the general thought that artists should to be more involved within public building projects from the beginning of the building process. Since then, there has been an increase within collaborative projects for buildings, public spaces and gallery installations. During the 20th century architects tended to work closely with engineers on architectural projects, these relationships were formed to solve spatial problems with a functional response towards design. These relationships had the underlying issue that some architects refused to develop a self-directed aesthetic communication. This meant that architects held back on their subjective design approach and therefore created architecture based on functional and technical reasoning. This process consequently affected architects subjective judgment and their creativity. As a result, the idea of working with an artist became appealing to architects..

Cause of Ethnic Conflict in the Middle East

Cause of Ethnic Conflict in the Middle East Politics and the Economy of the Contemporary Middle East:  Explain the cause of the ethnic conflicts in the Middle East. When referring to the nature of any conflict, it must be emphasized that no conflict is a result of a single cause. Various conflicts and rivalries which appear to be a big threat to the Middle East and Northern Africa, are also an important menace for global security. The conflicts escalated especially after the end of the era of colonialism, when territorial issues started to emerge in the region, due to the fact that the whole region was segmented to be under the mandates of several Western countries. (Bleich, 2005) This kind of conflicts can appear not only on an interstate level, but also, in many cases they can be observed on an inner-state level. Causes for these conflicts widely vary, having grounds on religious, ethnic, political and social aspects. Each of the factors constituting the conflict creates certain dynamics in generating the latter. Thus, it makes the process of understanding it fairly troublesome. On the face, one can argue that peoples living in the Middle East are highly undesirable to have any conflicts, especially the Arab population of the territory, provided that most of it shares not only the same religion, but also fairly similar traditions and history. In this essay I will try to explain the intertwined relations of ethnicity and religion as an originator of conflict, and I will try to provide the causes of ethnic conflicts in the Middle East both from inner-state and inter-state aspects, backing them up with case studies of Arab-Israeli confrontation and the Kurdish issues in Turkey, Iran and Iraq. Even long before the latest happenings of the Arab Spring, religion was recognized as an engine of Arab politics. The elections held in 2011 in Tunisia and Egypt, where Muslim Brothers and Salafist partners together won two-third of the assemblies speak in favour of the arguments that give support for the idea of political Islam. (Fakir, 2014) Even though those in lead of Middle East maintained control over religious sector of their countries, (best proof of which are al-Azhar in Egypt, Muffis in Saudi Arabia, direct influence in Iraq in case of Sadam Husein) the great pains taken by them, turned out to be not strong enough to iron out the appeal of religion. (Juergensmeyer, 2013) However, the assertion that religion occupies central role in the given conflicts is not totally justified, the best proof of which is zero involvement of Shi’a minority and Copts in Egypt, the Christian and Baha’i minorities in Iran in rebellion of 1988, irrespective of undergoing high level of religious discrimination. (Juergensmeyer, 2013) Most part of the ethnic minorities failed to accomplish their aspirations for having an autonomous state which is likely to result in future periodic confrontations. One of the major ethnic conflicts happening in this region is the issue of Kurdish people living on the territories of several countries in the Middle East. This is an issue of high priority in Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran, and its significance keeps growing bigger paralleled with the population of Kurdish people, who appear to be one of the biggest nations in the world, who do not have an official state (30-40 million people). (Roy, 2011) The rise of the national identity among the Kurdish people has always been a complex and controversial process. The high risk of tension is still present in the Northern part of Iraq which is mostly inhabited by the Kurdish people. It is a potential source of a great number of confrontations between Kurds and the Iraqi government. Consisting of series of wars it broke out shortly after the collapse of Ottoman Empire to last until the invasion of Iraq in the year 2003. The first phase of Iraqi-Kurdish confrontation dates back to World War I and the arrival of British forces. It was back then when the leader of Series of Kurdish uprisings against British mandate declared the short-to-leave the â€Å"Kurdish Kingdom†. Ultimately it resulted in fail. Decades that ensued saw several more attempts to negotiate and fight against Iraqi rule, however, it was not until 1961 when history witnessed First Iraqi-Kurdish War followed by negotiation stage the unfruitful nature of which triggered hostility to start second phase of the confrontation known as Second Iraqi Kurdish War. The consequence was reinvasion of the northern part of the country by Iraqi government. The recharge of the conflicts involving Kurdish parties on one side and Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein on the other was witnessed by 1986 with Kurds gaining military backup from Iran. (Fox, 2005) This is the pe riod when Iraqi government implemented a campaign which brought death to estimate of around 50.000 to 100.000 people. (Human Rights Watch, 1992) Rebellions that shook Iraq after the War in Gulf saw merely Kurds to document a success, that of unrecognized autonomy in the non-fly zone. However, this was by far not the most considerable gain of Kurdish struggle. With the overthrow of Saddam rule recognition of autonomy was reached. Even after the Gulf War, when the soil for creating an independent entity was given inner struggle (between two leading parties that of Kurdish Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurds) stood wall to the way of national victory. (Fox, 2005) The case of Iraq shows that Kurdish people, being a minority in an Arab country, although most part of the minority having the same religion with Iraqi Arabs, sharing a history of several centuries as well as sharing their culture and traditions, still claimed independence, mostly due to the large population number ( an estimated 6 million people) (Roy, 2011), and the idea of self-determination, accompanied with the ethnic tensions towards Kurds by the Iraqi government. The roots of the Kurdish issue in modern day Turkey are documented as early as the desolation of the Ottoman Empire, while the first documents proving the existence of this ethnic group in this area date back to 10th and 11th centuries. (BOÄÅ ¾AZÄ °Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ° UNIVERSITY, 2006) Since the early era of the Ottoman Empire, Kurds lived in peace with the local peoples, the historical fact that triggered the ethnic conflict, which still has a big impact on the development of the latter is the Treaty of Sevres, according to which the Kurds were promised a vast territory, which they called Kurdistan. The promised lands were never given to the Kurdish people provided that the treaty was cancelled because of the great pains taken by the Turkish newly born democratic government. But the struggle to get a personal homeland existed ever since the signing of the treaty. The most significant reasons for the Kurdish issue are the economic underdevelopment of the Kurd populated regions, along with the political lawlessness of the Kurdish population, the passive development of the social and cultural life and the ignorance of Turkish government towards the Kurdish national human rights. The aspiration of the Kurdish people for self-determination and the desire to play a political role proportional to its population in Turkey, also gives a firm background for the escalation of the conflict. Another major factor is the geopolitical location of the so-called â€Å"Turkish Kurdistan† which is considered to be in the very central part of Middle East and although it has always been a vast arena for endless wars throughout the history, the state policy of the Turkish government clearly prompts that the idea of independent Kurdistan will never come true. The conflict between Israel and Palestine, which then developed to a bigger scale confrontation between most of the Arab world and Israel is a good example of a range of inter-state conflicts. The precise start date of the Arab-Israeli conflict is not clearly documented as far as the fight over the territory has lasted for a considerable period of time. Central subject of which appears to be the dispute over drawing clear borders between the two countries. Undoubtedly the conflict is considerably more controversial and complex. To fully understand the causes behind the conflict between Arab and Israeli people one should not downsize the number of various factors, which trigger the escalation of the tension. On contrary, a holistic approach should be applied and even the smallest constituents are to count in order to get the real picture. After the United Nations resolution 181, Jews, who counted less than one third of the inhabitance of the region, owning only eight percent of the te rritory were given the chance of owning more than fifty percent of the Palestinian territories. (UN, 1947) This gave birth to a fight between Jews and Palestinian Arabs to which a solution has not been found yet. Two confronting sides longing for homeland wanted to be gifted national independence with the help of the powerful British state, who was a big colonialist back then. Self-determination and the independence, not alien to the nature of the conflict, did not, however, occupy the central rule in its origin. Regardless of the appeal to label the conflict as ethnic or religious the fundamental cause is political, that is to say a fight for control over territories. The micro concepts which narrows down the nature of conflict to a religious aspect, thus blaming on Zionism and Jewish identity ignore the fact that Zionism is a political ideology whereas Judaism bears a religious and cultural nature. (WRMEA, 2014) Not minimizing the role of religion in the given conflict, it should be mentioned that when talking about conflicts and their causes religion, ethnicity and politics interconnect, giving birth to so-called political religion. Thus, the geopolitical nature of the given conflict, spanned throughout the whole Arab region, adding a large number of ethnic shades and transforming the allegedly ethnic conflict into a political conflict and back to an ethnic one, this time on a much bigger scale, which led to open anti-Semitic propaganda by many Arab leaders. (Adl.org, 2011) So, even if back at the roots the confrontation was more about gaining territories, further developments gave a solid ground to state that currently the nature of the latter is mostly ethnic. Taking into close considerations all the facts discussed above, we come to a conclusion that the accuracy is often lost in attempts to define the true nature of conflicts in Middle East due to the complicated and interrelated nature of the factors defining them. Territorial issues are considered to be as major causes for ethnic conflicts. Due to a number of migrations of the population, conquests, wars and other geopolitical processes the resettlement of nations was a common thing, which could lead to territorial claims. As an argument, both sides can bring up the fact that the disputed territory once belonged to either of them, which makes the solution a lot more complicated. Most part of ethnicities in the world does not own a state. (CIA, n.d.) Depending on the development level of their cultural, social, political and national self-consciousness or the fact that they used to have a state in the past, the idea of establishing a national state may emerge within a dependent ethnicit y. Inner-state ethnic conflicts may transform into big threats for national security of a certain country, and inter-state ethnic conflicts into a range of long-lasting wars and hatred between two or more ethnicities. Bibliography Civilizational, Religious, and National Explanations for Ethnic Rebellion in the Post-Cold War Middle East. Jewish Political Studies Review 13 (1-2) Spring, 2001 pp 177-204 Adl.org, (2011). ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE MUSLIM/ARAB WORLD. [online] Available at: http://www.adl.org/anti-semitism/muslim-arab-world/c/hamas-in-their-own-words.html#.VRP1FPnz2So [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Bleich, E. (2005). The legacies of history? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France. Theory and Society, 34(2), pp.171-195. BOÄÅ ¾AZÄ °Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ° UNIVERSITY, (2006). The origin of Turkeys Kurdish question: an outcome of the breakdown of the Ottoman Ancien Regime. BOÄÅ ¾AZÄ °Ãƒâ€¡Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ° UNIVERSITY. CIA, (1948). The Kurdish Minority Problem. [online] Available at: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000258376.pdf [Accessed 23 Mar. 2015]. CIA, (n.d.). Ethnic Groups. [online] CIA. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Fakir, I. (2014). Egypt’s example looms large in Tunisia’s elections. The Nationalist. [online] Available at: http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/egypts-example-looms-large-in-tunisias-elections [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Human Rights Watch, (1992). The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. [online] USA. Available at: http://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/Iraq926.htm [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Juergensmeyer, M. (2013). Thinking globally pp 90-92 Klein, M. (2011). The Shift: Israel-Palestine From Border Struggle to Ethnic Conflict. Foreign Affairs, (Sept-Oct). Roy, S. (2011). The Kurdish Issue. Foreign Policy Journal. Snyder, M. (2014). Post-War Iraq: The Triangle of Ethnic Tensions. Harvard International Review, [online] 35(4). Available at: http://hir.harvard.edu/archives/5766 [Accessed 23 Mar. 2015]. UN, (1947). Partition Plan of Palestine. New York: The General Assembly of UN. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, (2014). The Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. [online] Available at: http://www.wrmea.org/the-origins-of-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict.html [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015].

Recognizing Laboratory Safety :: essays research papers

Recognizing Laboratory Safety Purpose:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this lab is to stay safe no matter what you're doing in lab. You may be working with dangerous materials such as glass or acid. Procedure: I am following the procedure described in pages 21-24 in the Biology Laboratory Manual. Observations: Does not apply to this lab Answers to Questions: 1. The flask symbol means glassware safety. Glassware can be broken easily. 2. The goggle symbol means that you are working with fire. It is extremely important to protect yourself from fire. 3. The hand symbol signifies that you are to wear heat-resistant gloves. 4. The bottle with the crossbones on it means chemical safety. Whenever you see this symbol, you know that you will be working with possibly dangerous chemicals. 5. The eye symbol signifies that you will be working with objects that could be hazardous to your eyes 6. The razor blade symbol signifies that you will be working with sharp objects. You should always be careful when working with sharp objects. 7. An electrical plug symbol means that you will be using electricity in your lab. Never touch an electrical socket or appliance with wet hands. 8. The symbol that looks like a duck means that you will be working with live animals. Analysis and Conclusion: 1. The person is not wearing safety goggles and he isn't really paying close attention. Safety goggles are vital when you are working with fire. 2. She is pointing the vial towards herself. Whenever you are working with heating liquids, the vial should never pointing towards you. 3. The person is heating a liquid with a top on the beaker. Whenever you are heating a substance, there should never be a top on the liquid.

Hulk Smash Essay -- Art

Throughout history, the graphic form has been used as a means of conveying information of many forms such as story, words of warning, or even propaganda (Van Meter). In its more recent shape, the modern comic, the graphic work was often treated as a lowly form of art suitable primarily for adolescents and children seeking entertainment (Cengage). This mindset about comics continued until the mid 1980’s, at which point it was shattered by the arrival of â€Å"Maus†; a graphic novel that documented the experiences of a Holocaust survivor (Spiegelman). After winning the Pulitzer Prize in 1992, Spiegelman’s work opened the door to a whole world of possibilities for the graphic form in scholarly pursuits. Though this event brought about the birth of countless graphic narratives, each responsible for shedding light on modern historical travesties, it is my conviction that prior to the onset of â€Å"graphic reportage† comics held a more important socio-polit ical relevance. While less explicit with their messages, early comics such as â€Å"The Hulk† gave valuable insight into society by giving a direct look into pop-culture of the time, utilizing symbolism to convey public opinion, and spreading propaganda. When a work is created with the intent of being graphic reportage the author becomes painfully aware of the fact that they will be observed and scrutinized under this context, however when an entirely fictitious comic book is created its author is relieved from the constraints of this awareness of observation. Put more eloquently, comic book authors that create works of graphic reportage are vulnerable to a psychological phenomenon known as the Hawthorne Effect, which states that individuals that are aware that they are being observed will b... ... Works Cited Cengage, Gale. eNotes.com. 2004. 22 April 2012 . Conroy, Mike. "The True Origin of The Incredible Hulk." N/A: Marvel Comics, 2008. Gale, E.A.M. "The Hawthorne studies—a fable for our times? ." QJM (2004): 439-449. Lee, Stan-Writer Kirby, Jack -Penciller Reinman, Paul-Inker Simek,Art-Letters. "The Incredible Hulk." The Incredible Hulk #1. Marvel Comics, May 1962. Rocchi, James. X-Meta : An Outsider’s Guide to Symbolism in Superhero Cinema (wonder woman mention). May 2006. 22 April 2012 . Spiegelman, Art. " Maus: A Survivor's Tale." New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. Van Meter, Justine. "History Of Graphic Novels." Orange, CA, February 2012.

Global Warming: Causes and Effects

Global Warming: Causes and Effects The term â€Å"global warming† is often used synonymously with the term climate change, but the two terms have distinct meanings. Global Warming is a gradual increase in the earth's temperature. Novdia explained that â€Å"global warming refers to the documented historical warming of the Earth's surface, based upon worldwide temperature records that have been maintained by humans since the 1880s† (Global Warming). Global warming is a major crisis in the world today. Three causes of global warming are the greenhouse effect, increase of carbon dioxide emission, and the effects of temperature increase. The greenhouse effect is a primary cause of global warming. It is a gradual rise in temperature in the earth's atmosphere due to the heats absorption from the sun and entrapment of gases, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, in the air around the earth. An example of this is a bright sunlight will effectively warm an individual’s car on a cold, clear day by the greenhouse effect. The longer infrared wavelengths radiated by sun-warmed objects do not pass readily through the glass. The trap of this energy warms the interior of the vehicle. The trapping of the hot air so that it cannot rise and lose the energy by convection also plays a major role. Stephen Novdia stated, â€Å"The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, first reliably experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reported quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896† (Global Warming). Greenhouse effect then becomes a primary cause of global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions cause global warming. It is gas in the earth’s atmosphere that came from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are formed by natural resources and are decomposed from buried dead organisms. A study on Carbon dioxide emissions in a magazine article on May 2009 found the following evidence: â€Å"In the 19th century, scientists realized that gases in the atmosphere cause a â€Å"greenhouse effect† which affects the planet's temperature. [The planet’s temperature will increase dramatically by the gases in the atmosphere absorbing the heat. ] These scientists were interested chiefly in the possibility that a lower level of carbon dioxide gas might explain the ice ages of the distant past. At the turn of the century, Svante Arrhenius calculated that emissions from human industry might someday bring a global warming. Other scientists dismissed his idea as faulty. In 1938, G. S. Callendar argued that the level of carbon dioxide was climbing and raising [the] global temperature, but most scientists found his arguments implausible. It was almost by chance that a few researchers in the 1950s discovered that global warming truly was possible. In the early 1960s, C. D. Keeling measured the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: it was rising fast. Researchers began to take an interest, struggling to understand how the level of carbon dioxide had changed in the past, and how the level was influenced by chemical and biological forces. They found that the gas plays a crucial role in climate change, so that the rising level could gravely affect our future. † (Weart) This magazine article influence Americans to recycle because the article is geared to them. With the CO2 causing the increase in weather, it also causes the increase of the greenhouse effect. The CO2 can affect the climate change and the future of the world if the greenhouse effect increases. Causes of global warming exist and so do the effects. Revkin stated, â€Å"Americans lead in moving to a world where ‘fossil fuels have been largely modified for carbon recycling or replaced by carbon-neutral alternatives. † (Challenges to Both Left and Right on Global Warming) A result of increase of weather are polar ice caps and temperature rising. When the temperature increases, the polar ice caps will melt, causing glaciers to melt as well. Glaciers are made up of fresh frozen water and when they melt into the ocean, which is composed of salt water, the ocean currents will be altered. The result of ocean currents altering will also affect the species that live in the ocean. Some species live in salt water and others live in fresh water, but cannot live in both. The increase of water in the ocean will cause evaporation to increase. The increase of probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves will increase as well. With all the water in the ocean and the weather increasing, it will cause warm water and more hurricanes. Global warming has both causes and effects. It is one of the most major crisis that will affect the world today, yet the most difficult to resolve. If I had a choice, I would make everybody recycle and you use resources. I would also have Americans reduce the Carbon emissions. Even if we stopped emitting greenhouse gases today, the Earth would still be warm by some kind of degree Fahrenheit.

AP Biology: The Properties of Water Essay

Water has many unique properties that make life possible on Earth. One property is cohesion. The cohesion property is properly defined as the binding of water molecules by hydrogen bonds. Water has this property as a result of the chemical bonding between water. Cohesion of the strong hydrogen bonds allows the water molecules to stick together, almost as a unit of one. A force exerted on one of the molecules will be exerted on all of the adjacent molecules as a result of cohesion. Cohesion, often with the cooperation of adhesion, the clinging of one substance to another, adds to the function and ability of water to overcome strong natural forces, such as gravity. When water is in its liquid state of matter, the hydrogen bonds are very frail and weak, about one-twentieth as strong as covalent bonds. The bonds are made, broken, and remade very quickly. Each hydrogen bond lasts only a few trillionths of a second, but the constant synthesis of new bonds with a succession of partners acquires equilibrium. Therefore, a significant percentage of all the water molecules are bonded to their neighbors, making water a more orderly structured liquid than most other known liquids. A property related to cohesion is surface tension, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water is known to have a greater surface tension than most other liquids. An ordered arrangement of hydrogen-bonded water molecules is present at the boundary between water and air. As a result water behaves as though it is coated with an invisible film along the surface. An example how the cohesion of water affects the functioning of living organisms is present in plants. Evaporation from the leaves in plants pulls water up from the roots. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding helps hold the column of water molecules together within the xylem vessels located in the stem or trunk of a plant. Adhesion helps the process by resisting the pull of gravity against the upward motion of the molecules. Another property of water is its solubility. Water is known as the universal solvent of life. Many substances can be combined with water to form a solution, a homogeneous mixture between two substances. Water, in solutions, is known as the solvent. The substance or substances being dissolved is known as the solute. An aqueous solution is when a homogenous mixture where water is the solvent is present. As found by the medieval alchemists, water is the most soluble liquid. Although water is technically not universal, it  is very versatile solvent. Water’s solubility is a result of its polarity. Water is a polar molecule, meaning that the opposite ends of the molecule of opposite charges. In a water molecule, the polar covalent bonds allow the oxygen region of the molecule to have a partial negative charge and the hydrogen regions to have a partial positive charge. When ionic crystals are placed in water, they are ionized. The partially negative ion from the crystal bond to the hydrogen ions in water. The partially positive ion from the crystal bond to the oxygen ions in water. The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion is called a hydration shell. Water eventually dissolves all the ions. As a result, there is a solution containing two solutes from the salt homogeneously mixed with water, the versatile solvent. Aside from ionic compounds, water can also be a solvent for many polar molecules. An effect of the versatile solubility can be demonstrated in the functioning of many liquid substances of living organisms, such as blood, the sap of plants, and the liquid contained in cells. Water’s solubility allows for these liquids to have a universal concentration throughout the entire liquid, making the distribution of the ions or molecules in the solution equal. Another property of water is its high specific heat. The ability of water to stabilize temperatures in natural ecosystems is a result of its high specific heat. Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for one gram of a substance to change its temperature by one degree Celsius. Water’s specific heat is defined as one calorie per gram per degree Celsius. This information comes from the definition of a calorie, the amount of heat that causes one gram of water to change its temperature by one degree Celsius. Because of water’s high specific heat, water’s temperature will change less when it absorbs or loses a certain amount of heat. Water resists changing its temperature, and when it happens to change it, it absorbs or loses a large quantity of heat for each change in temperature. Water’s specific heat is a direct result of hydrogen bonding. Large amounts of heat must be absorbed in order to break the hydrogen bonds, and la rge amounts of heat are released when hydrogen bonds form. One calorie doesn’t cause a large change in the temperature primarily because most of the heat energy is used to disrupt the hydrogen bonds before the water  molecules can start moving faster. When the temperature drops slightly, many hydrogen bonds form, releasing a large amount of heat energy. Water’s high specific heat is directly related to life on Earth through climate. Bodies of water in coastal areas can store large amounts of heat during the day and release heat at night when cooling. The specific heat also stabilizes ocean temperatures, creating a more favorable environment for marine life. Therefore, as a result of water’s high specific heat, the water on Earth keeps temperature changes on land and in water within life-permitting limits. Animals are also mostly made of water, allowing them to resist changes in their own temperatures. Water is so abundant and present in everyday life that it’s easy to neglect the fact that it is an exceptional s ubstance with many extraordinary qualities. Following the theme of emergent properties, water’s unique behavior can be traced to the structure and interactions of its molecules.

Comparing Of mice and men to the hunger games

It's a bit like the Hunger Games as they need ACH other as allies to survive. They would help each other and because Curlers wife knelt down beside him it's like she sees him as one of her own, like they are on the same level power wise. Will return to this image later on in my essay. We have been introduced to Curlers wife as the libertine featherbrain by the males on the ranch â€Å"Jesus what a tramp [George to Leonie]†the boys don't personally know her yet they are all prejudging her of her looks and the way she acts. This shows that the only way she has the power over the men is sexually.Not even Curler takes her seriously. She mess lonely and only wants to talk to the men so that she can relate to them and find a friend. The reason why the men would judge her so much is due to sexual frustration that is caused by her. This could also link back to the sass's as women we meant to just look pretty and pleasure their men. Not only that, they were seen to have no rights to th emselves. They couldn't vote, couldn't go off on their own, they had to marry the first man that asks and do his dirty washing for the rest of their lives.In Of Mice and Men, Curlers wife was viewed as † jail bait† this basically means that she's a trap that's being fished onto all of the men and trying to catch one unlucky sap to say he forced himself upon her. This could lead to being fired or being lynched. In the sass's all you needed to do was touch a women's dress and she could say you penetrated her and get you lynched in front of the whole town. This shows that the male characters were scared and threatened by Curlers wife due to her power of getting them killed or tortured.You've got to remember that these men were in an all-male society and this one woman comes in and to all these men she comes across like she's purposely sexually frustrating them. This could link back to power as it shows that the men on the ranch are weak when it comes to sexual tension. It c ould show how little they think of themselves. Another way that we know they are sexually closed up or more like insecure. All the males go to a ‘Where house† at the end of each month. The fact that they go to women who do it for a living and are paid to pleasure the males no matter what they look or are like on the inside.This shows that the males could be shy and insecure about intercourse. It doesn't show much emotion and the girls don't need to personally feel a connection between homeless and the clients. Just think of it like the end of the first hunger games; Jennifer Lawrence established a fake romance with Josh Hucksters to survive. Metaphorically, the prostitutes are Jennifer Lawrence as they are doing whatever they can to survive and it's just so happened that they could only get work in the ‘Hover house†.The males are josh Hucksters as they are weak and are supported in some way by the prostitutes. They are supporting the guys on the ranch by lett ing them release all of the sexual anger that builds up due to Curler's wife. The more you hear about it the more it comes clear that the men on the ranch are assumed to been seen as the lowest of normal society's power show. Although most characters have no recognized social power because of their low social class; they all try to absorb the little power each other has.For example; Crooks' nasty strike on Leonie is the best example upon this statement. â€Å"Expose George don't come back no more [Crooks to Leonie)†. Crooks was taking his knowledge and Lien's vulnerability and tried to seem more powerful. They are both outcasts drawn by people who tell them what to do; â€Å"yes ma'am† Crooks eying this to Curlers wife as it shows that she is the boss over him. Ma'am is used formally as the other guys on the ranch refer to her as â€Å"Curlers wife†. This show that Crook is powerless compared to her. She is holding the reins and Crooks is the horse.A horse is se emed to be a free beautiful creature but they are controlled by others showing that they aren't quite the same power as the rider but when they are by themselves they are the most powerful creatures around. This could represent crooks amazing as he is extremely powerful its only the color of his skin that hold him back. Like most colored people in the 1 ass's. Going back to the statement that previously wrote; while Leonie breaks the segregation rule of the sass's Crooks is feeling like it's his right to be the most powerful person in the room.Although he is colored it is also his â€Å"shed house†. It was the one place where he could be himself without having the pressure of society on his shoulders. Although you could argue that that Crooks having his own separate â€Å"shed house† is automatically reminding people of the society in the 1 ass's, but it is the one place you could see him happy. Compared to all the men living in the bunk souse he is living in a palace! His living conditions are so much better than the bunk house. He gets personal possessions. No one in the bunk house seems to have meaningful possessions but crooks does.Crooks has a whole room all to himself. It gives him some entitlement and a hope for some power. It gives off the power as he is the only person in the â€Å"shed house† it will only be disrupted when white people walk into his house. Like Leonie did. He was only fighting for his power like any person would if they felt intimidated in their own home. During the sass's if there was one slight thing rung with you; you would be viewed as an outcast. If you were mentally or physically disabled they would chain you up in a mental institution.If you were colored but mainly black they would lynch you for the color of your skin. You would be looked down on for the special qualities that made you. What IM trying to say is that everyone desperately wanted to fit in to society and be what was observed to be normal. The re are many ways this is translated in the book. Id personally have to say that the best way to show this in the book is the conversation Crooks and Leonie shared when Leonie kook away Crook's privacy when he entered his home; ‘ ‘They II take hay to the booby hatch †¦Tie you up with a collar like a dog' this shows that Steinbeck wanted everyone to know what would happen to the people who were unfortunate enough to be pushed to the bottom of the barrel. Booby hatch refers to a mental institution. Full of people who were looked upon as America's sins. It isn't a very pleasant thing to say but it was honest and that would've been quite lucky for Leonie and even Crooks! If Crooks stepped one foot out of line he would've been lynched for a fact! It goes on about saying hat they will tie him up with a collar like a dog; this gives us the impression of Leonie being pinned down like he has done something wrong.When in fact he hasn't done anything wrong. Once again this also links back to power when you see that dogs are pets, pets are meant to obey their owners. The owners being the powerful one in the situation. Leonie being the metaphoric dog shows that he has no power, he has to be the one to bow down. He is presumed to be the mute of the society on the ranch. In conclusion; people in Of Mice and Men were treated with abuse and prejudice. Most people were/ loud react differently depending on how they were treated; but they had to take it.

Organizational Behavior, Mintzbergs Managers

Introduction The theory our group will be discussing and explaining in depth is the leadership styles of top management using Mintzberg’s managerial roles. Mintzerg named ten different roles, all separated into three categories. The first category is interpersonal. This includes figurehead, leader, and liason. The second category is informational which includes monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. The last category is decisional which includes entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.These roles are all used in the leadership styles of top management and we will find throughout research which roles are most frequently used and which seem to be the most effective. We have selected five companies in which we will research and in turn, be able to apply Mintzberg’s roles to each company individually. Our company selection includes Nokia, Walt Disney, Apple, Microsoft, and city utilities. We look forward to researching these companies and fin ding exactly which roles are most important to each company specifically, as well as comparatively.Theoretical Identification Mintzberg’s managerial roles are categorized into ten different roles, separated into three categories. The liaison role is under the category interpersonal roles, and it focuses on the manager’s interpersonal work with people that are not a part of his/her own organization. It describes the information and communication that is obligated by a manager, for example that the manager must create networks and engage in information exchange via trade shows, joining boards of directors to gain access to more knowledge.A successful liaison would be networking with the right amount of people in the right circles so that they also would be either a step ahead of their competitors, or at least up to date with the right knowledge. The monitor role is under informational roles, and it focuses on regularly seeking information related to the organization and industry to look for changes that are relevant to the companies’ environment. This is important to the company and to its employees who value being able to adapt to changes that happen in their environment as well.It is also the monitor’s role to be the one to monitor the team in terms of productivity and the team’s well -being to make sure that they always have productive and satisfied employees. Figurehead is considered a symbol, but is required to perform a number of routine duties of a legal or social nature. The figurehead is not always considered a decision maker within a company. Steve Jobs was a perfect example of someone who made business decision, but he was also considered someone that represented the company socially.The other form of figurehead could be Ronald McDonald representing McDonalds, but he has no authority in business decisions. Figureheads are important in helping sell the brand as well as creating a positive image. Figurehead performs ce remonial and symbolic duties. Figureheads are crucial in a company for the brand name, and how they can help build a company. Leader is responsible for the motivation and direction of employees. Every company will have leaders throughout all levels of the company. You will have someone at upper level, middle level and lower level management.Upper level management has someone leading sometimes through board of directors or CEO. Middle Management has a manager in charge of lower level. A leader cannot be taught, but it is a person who has always been a natural born leader. Leaders will direct and motivate subordinates, train, advice and influence. These tasks are crucial in keeping the company flowing smoothly and keeping the product moving out the door. Leaders are crucial in deciding tasks to elevate the company. They are making decisions that the everyday employee has no control over.The disseminator and spokesperson roles, classified under the informational category, are closely r elated. The disseminator role refers to the manager who takes information received from outsiders or employees, and shares it with upper level members of the organization. The spokesperson role takes information from inside the organization and relates it to the public. Good disseminators and spokespersons need to have good communication skills in order to interact with company heads as well as the public.A successful spokesperson needs to be able to speak during conferences with confidence and also be able to maintain a consistent relationship with the media. If a manager is both a spokesperson and disseminator, they are excellent in communicating both inside and outside of the company. The decisional category includes four roles: entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. The entrepreneur role is one in which managers take initiative and seek out opportunities that will both benefit the organization as well as create innovation. These managers work on m ajor rojects and are proactive in accomplishing goals as well as bettering the organization. The disturbance handler role refers to managers who are responsible in taking action when problems or disturbances occur. Every organization faces conflict, most of which are sudden and unexpected. The disturbance handler steps in to handle this conflict and attempts to resolve and correct the problem so that the organization can continue successfully. Organizations Identification/ Introduction and Descriptions Disney The Disney Company was founded by its namesake Walt Disney on October 16, 1923.In 1923, Walt Disney left his hometown of Kansas City, Missouri on his way to California with a cartoon of a little girl in a cartoon world called Alice’s Wonderland (Disney). Disney decided to use his cartoon to make some Alice Comedies which first made him successful with his brother, Roy. The Disney Company’s original name in 1923 was Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio which then changed to Walt Disney Studios at the request of Disney’s brother (Disney). After a few years Disney decided to transition to an all cartoon show Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and he made his first business mistake.When he went to his distributor for more money for a second season of the cartoon he realized the distributor sold the rights to a studio who made the cartoons for a cheaper price and that upon further review of his contract he did not own the rights to Oswald the distributor did. However, this was probably a great error because right after this incident Disney created Mickey Mouse, the figurehead for the Disney Company. According to Mintzberg’s managerial role not only is Mickey the figurehead of Disney but so is Walt Disney himself.The Disney Company has expanded greatly over the last 80 years since the company was started by Walt Disney and his brother. The company has moved from cartoons to feature films, amusement parks, merchandise and even Broadway. Walt Disney di ed December 15, 1966 and the company continued with his brother Roy who followed plans Disney left behind (Disney). Once again the Disney Company was not satisfied with its success and decided they should make another theme park on the east coast called Disney World, which opened October 1, 1971. Roy Disney who ran Disney after the death of his rother died in 1971, the company was run for the next decade by people trained by the Disney brothers. The community of tomorrow or EPCOT was one of Disney’s last ideas and it was realized in the larger Disney World Park. The now CEO, Robert Iger, showed that he had what it takes to lead such an innovative company. He became the Disney Company CEO in 2005 and after that the companies stock jumped 42% (Steptoe). In 2007, he increased the fiscal profits almost 80% over the previous year to 2. 63 billion dollars (Steptoe). Disney is one of the most innovated and widely diverse companies around the world.Toyota Toyota joined the automobile industry in 1936 based out of Japan. Toyota has always been a top tier automobile company that has top of the line manufacturing. Toyota will continue to stay top of the line in automobiles with cars such as the Hybrid. The Hybrid has revolutionized the automobile industry to new heights, and that is owed to the management team who has had their struggles. It was large news not too long ago about Toyota recalling several cars, because the accelerator was sticking. The severity cannot be explained in this paper for people involved with this scenario.Mintzberg’s managerial roles might not be the direct idea companies are using, but they are being used by everyone in certain situations. Mintzberg has ten managerial roles divided into three categories of informational, interpersonal and decisional. The crisis Toyota dealt with for the last several years heavily involved the category, decisional. The start was with interpersonal and the leaders to make a decision to go public wit h their apology. It does not make the public happy for the current situation, but it lets the public no Toyota realizes they made a mistake.The leader also had to make some large cuts within the company to show they realized the mistake. The leader also had to motivate employees, so they did not have another lapse that would ruin Toyota. The decisional aspects consume of disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. The negotiator had to deal with all the complaints, and they had to negotiate all the lawsuits aimed at Toyota. The negotiator did pretty well by taking a small hit in the large scheme of the company. They were able to find settlements for over half the cases dealing with the incidents.It took years to uncover a lot of these settlements, but Toyota was willing to take that hit to rebuild the brand name to its original strength. The other two decisional roles are disturbance handler and resource allocator. The disturbance handler is someone who takes corrective action in a crisis and solves problems at hand. This could have been the ending result of Toyota with so many lives in jeopardy, but this person dealt with the problem by confronting it head on. They took the approach of no excuses, and making it publicly none of the problem and recalling the vehicles.It was going to take a hit for taking blame in such large failure of automobiles, but it would save their image in the long run. The resource allocator was in charge of dealing with the issues inside the vehicle to make sure no problem occurs like this again. Toyota continues to bounce back by having top of the line vehicles with minimal complaints. The resource allocator has seemed to done their job in fixing the problem with newly acquired resources. Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington.The company develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services that’s related to electr onics and software. Microsoft is also one of the world's most valuable companies. As of 2012, Microsoft is a market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets. It was founded on April 4, 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Paul Allen was born in Seattle, Washington, Allen attended Lakeside School, a private school in Seattle, and befriended Bill Gates, who was almost three years younger and shared a common enthusiasm for computers. Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. nd Mary Maxwell Gates. Gates father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. Gates joined Paul Allen at Honeywell during the summer of 1974. The following year they saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company. Gates dropped out of Harvard at this time and that was the start of Microsoft Corporation.Bill Gates management style was very different. Gates's role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006; Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. He gained a reputation for being distant to others; as early as 1981 an industry executive complained in public that â€Å"Gates is notorious for not being reachable by phone and for not returning phone calls. As an executive, Gates met regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. Accounts of these meetings described him as verbally combative and they were worried about the long term agreement with the company because of the way Bill Gates operated things, he was for example very known for the way he would interrupt presentations and be rude and harsh. Gates's role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. Microsoft has a top 12 over their management style which is: Total World Domination The Top Five PercentMicrosoft rigorously attempts to hire only the smartest people, those who are within the smartest 5% of the total population. Bet the Company Winning in the game of business is about being willing to make bets at good odds. Require Failure At most companies, to succeed is good, but to fail is unacceptable. This type of policy means that, as a risk/reward scenario, the risk of failure vastly exceeds the reward of success. Managers Are Qualified At Microsoft, the most important qualification for a manager is expertise in the functional area over which (s)he is managing Perform, Perform, PerformPerformance is all that matters at Microsoft, so mu ch so that excuses are flat-out irrelevant â€Å"Shrimp vs. Weenies† Even with its billions upon billions in cash, Microsoft is as frugal as Ebeneezer Scrooge. It's a company that buys canned weenies for food, not shrimp. Commander Steve Ballmer flew coach. (For scheduling Size Does Matter Bill is Watching Esprit de Corps Again alluding to Microsoft being less like a big company than it appears, Thielen asserts that Microsoft has esprit de corps like that of a start-up where everyone involved is focused on a common goal.Stop the Insanity The plague of most big companies is bureaucracy and stupid rules. Home Away From Home Microsoft has a simple way of maximizing its employees' productivity: It allows each individual's office to be as individualized as one desires. Nokia Nokia was founded in 1865 by a man named Fredrik Idestam. He set up two paper mills on the banks of rivers in Finland, the second one on the Nokianvirta River. This is where he came up with the name we all kno w, Nokia. It is ironic that Nokia began by making paper, one of the most important communication tools in history.The first step Nokia took towards the technology industry was in 1912 when Arvid Wickstrom set up Finnish Cable Works. They worked closely with Nokia and in 1962 they created their first electronic device, a pulse analyzer for nuclear power plants. In 1963 Nokia started developing products for the army and shortly after became the biggest computer brand in Finland and the third largest TV manufacturer in Europe. Throughout Nokia’s history there is a trend of innovation and entrepreneurial thinking from its managers.In 1991, the Finnish Prime Minister made the world’s first GSM phone call using a Nokia device. The Nokia President and CEO at the time, Jorma Ollila, decided to focus exclusively on manufacturing mobile phones and telecommunication. This marks the beginning of the Nokia Company that we all know to date. With its aggressive grown strategy and foc us on mobile communication Nokia quickly became the largest mobile communications company in the world. More recently, Nokia has been making many changes due to the increase in competitors in the smart phone market.Fresh blood was brought into management when Stephen Elop was appointed the new President and CEO. He has a history of being a top decisional manager according to Mintzberg’s managerial roles. His job is to keep up with the changing industry and stay competitive in the smartphone market that has been dominated by apple in recent years. In the few years that Elop has been CEO he has made further changes to the management team of the organization. A new vice president of operations has been appointed along with new vice presidents of sales & marketing, mobile phones, and communications.Elop is clearly taking action to make up some of the market share lost to apple in the past years. Apple Apple, a multinational and billion dollar company, was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. It was incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak. Apple is best known for the Mac line of computers, the iPod, the iPad, and the iPhone. It is the world’s largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia and was named the most admired company in the United States in 2008 and in the world from 2008 to 2012.The Apple market cap is larger than that of Google and Microsoft combined and its worldwide revenue totaled $156 billion in 2012. Apple uses Mintzberg’s managerial roles throughout its corporation to function on a daily basis. Application and Analysis/ Relationships and Inconsistencies Apple While there are many similarities as well as inconsistencies between Apple and Mintzberg’s managerial roles, I find there to be mostly positive relationships between this organization and our topic. The strongest role that Apple focuses on is the leadership role.M intzberg described leading as motivation, direction, and communication from managers to their employees in an effective manner. Steve Jobs was the soul of Apple and his leadership skills and qualities lead this company to extreme success. He was an innovator who focused not only on the needs of the stakeholders, but also on how the organization could reinvent or create new products, markets, customers, and services. Job’s leadership skills followed Mintzberg’s definition of leadership precisely.Along with the similarities of Apple and our topic come inconsistencies. The main inconsistency I found was Apples ability to use Mintzberg’s disturbance handler role effectively. Mintzberg describes this role as the one to take corrective action when the organization faces important, yet unexpected disturbances. Apple has faced many challenges and crossroads in its past and many of these were not solved in the best of manners. A stronger decisional role, such as the dist urbance handler, may have made such challenges easier to handle.Mintzberg’s managerial roles are important and used within all organizations and relationships, both positive and negative, are present. Disney The Disney Company is most well known for its figurehead Mickey Mouse an important role according to Mintzberg. Disney utilizes the figurehead role in a positive way to influence the company and the fans. The Disney Company continued to gain in success after the creation of Mickey Mouse when they realized that they could make more money by selling Mickey merchandise. Then they moved on the first Mickey book and comic strip.In 1934, Disney decided to break into the animated feature films starting with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Snow White was a huge success and was the highest grossing film of all time until it was surpassed by Gone with the Wind (Disney). Walt Disney knew that his cartoons were successful but the future of his company was in the feature films where he continued to be successful but eventually wanted to expand his company again. This time he moved to amusement parks and Disneyland was opened on July 17, 1955, which fans later called theme parks (Disney).In the 1950’s Disney came out with movies like 20,000 Leagues Under the sea and perhaps the finest culmination of his career Mary Poppins (Disney). According to Mintzberg’s roles, Disney was a great leader by not only running a successful company but by influencing the grand expansion of his company from cartoons to films, amusement parks, and even Broadway. He also knew how to inspire and teach his young proteges how to be good leaders and entrepreneurs. After Disney’s death, the new group of leaders decided to keep the Disney expansion going by building a Disney theme park in Tokyo, the first international theme park.In the 1980’s the new management team began the realization of Disney’s own cable network, The Disney Channel. Over the next tw enty years Disney expanded their movie, television, and theme park networks. In 1994, Disney moved to Broadway with their production of Beauty and the Beast (Disney). In 2005, Robert Iger became the CEO of Disney and he is still the CEO today. Many people were skeptical because Iger was a weatherman who had worked himself up the ranks and was now the leader of a large company (Steptoe).However, Iger showed that he could be a great leader like Walt Disney and it was Iger who changed Disney into a technologically savvy company. Iger proved his business smarts by meeting with Steve Jobs the Apple and Pixar chief executive and Disney bought Pixar in 2006 for $7. 4 billion (Steptoe). Robert Iger uses Mintzberg’s role of negotiator in a positive way by making a deal with Steve Jobs for Pixar which really helped expand Disney’s company and increase their profits. Iger uses a laid back management style different from his predecessor and encourages the senior executives to entr epreneurial.The hardest roles of Mintzberg’s to see if they are being utilized by Disney are the informational ones, monitor and disseminator because it is hard to tell if Iger is good at the interoffice communication. Disney has been a thriving company for almost 80 years, starting with cartoons and blossoming into a company with diverse roots in television, movies, theme parks, and Broadway. The Disney Company utilizes the entrepreneur role positively throughout the company’s history from Walt Disney all the way to the leaders of the company today.Implications and Conclusions The concept of Mintzberg’s managerial roles is one that is used throughout every organization on a daily basis. The roles that Mintzberg describe are crucial to the success of any organization and they directly relate to the real world. These roles, although unique in their own, come together to form a single working unit that creates effective and productive employees. Without the knowle dge of Mintzberg’s managerial roles, organizations will struggle to understand how to work together as well as how to form a useful system for success.While learning about Mintzberg’s managerial roles, our group retained information that will further help our understanding when working in an organization. We studied three important categories: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. It is important to be able to distinguish the differences in these categories and to be able to see the significance of each. Each individual role plays an important part in the success of an organization. The more organizations focus on these roles and allocate them to their employees, the more successful and organized they will be.